 | |
| Formerly | Cadabra, Inc. (1994–1995) |
| Industry | Conglomerate |
| Company type | Public |
| Founded | Jeff Bezos |
| Headquarters | Seattle, Washington and Arlington, Virginia , U.S. |
| Founders | Jeff Bezos |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people |
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| Products |
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| Owner | Jeff Bezos (8.92%) |
| Services |
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| Revenue |  US$574.8 billion (2023) |
| Number of employees | 1,525,000 (2023) |
Amazon.com, Inc. (commonly referred to as Amazon) is an American multinational technology company that operates in e-commerce, cloud computing, digital streaming, online advertising, and artificial intelligence. Founded in 1994 by Jeff Bezos in Bellevue, Washington, Amazon initially began as an online bookstore but has since expanded its offerings to encompass a broad range of products, earning it the nickname "The Everything Store." Today, Amazon is considered one of the "Big Five" American technology companies, alongside Alphabet, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft.
Amazon's portfolio includes various subsidiaries such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), a leader in cloud computing; Zoox, a self-driving car division; Kuiper Systems, a satellite internet provider; and Amazon Lab126, a computer hardware research and development entity. Additionally, Amazon owns and operates Ring, Twitch, IMDb, and Whole Foods Market, the latter of which was acquired in 2017 for US$13.4 billion. The company also produces and distributes a wide range of content through services like Amazon Prime Video, Amazon Music, Audible, and Wondery. In 2022, Amazon acquired Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), which expanded its presence in film and television production through Amazon MGM Studios.
In the consumer electronics space, Amazon is known for producing devices such as Kindle e-readers, Echo smart speakers, Fire tablets, and Fire TVs. The company is widely recognized for its disruptive impact on industries, driven by technological innovation and aggressive reinvestment of profits.
As of 2023, Amazon holds the title of the world's largest online retailer, smart speaker provider, and cloud computing service through AWS. It is also the largest live-streaming service provider via Twitch. Amazon Prime, the company's paid subscription service, has over 200 million subscribers worldwide. In 2021, Amazon surpassed Walmart to become the largest retailer outside of China, and it is the second-largest private employer in the United States. In terms of revenue, Amazon ranks as the second-largest company globally and in the U.S. as of 2024. The company also leads the world in research and development spending, with US$73 billion allocated to R&D in 2022.
Despite its successes, Amazon has faced criticism on multiple fronts, including its data collection practices, labor conditions, censorship, tax avoidance strategies, and anti-competitive behaviors.
History of Amazon
1994–2009
Amazon was founded on July 5, 1994, by Jeff Bezos, who relocated from New York City to Bellevue, Washington, to start an online bookstore. He chose the Seattle area for its proximity to technical talent from Microsoft and the University of Washington, as well as its favorable tax environment and access to a major book distribution center in Roseburg, Oregon. Initially named Cadabra, the company was later renamed to Amazon in November 1994. The Amazon website launched to the public on July 16, 1995, and began sourcing books from wholesalers and publishers.
Amazon went public in May 1997 and expanded its product range in 1998, adding music and videos to its offerings. It also launched international operations by acquiring online book sellers in the United Kingdom and Germany. In the following year, Amazon broadened its product categories to include music, video games, consumer electronics, home improvement items, software, and toys.
In 2002, Amazon launched Amazon Web Services (AWS), initially offering APIs for web developers to build applications on Amazon’s e-commerce platform. AWS expanded in 2004 to provide website popularity statistics and data from the Alexa Web Information Service. AWS transitioned into providing enterprise services with Simple Storage Service (S3) in 2006 and Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) in 2008, allowing businesses to rent storage and computing power from Amazon. In 2006, Amazon introduced Fulfillment by Amazon, enabling third-party sellers to utilize Amazon’s warehouse and fulfillment infrastructure to sell their products.
2010–Present
In 2017, Amazon acquired Whole Foods Market, significantly enhancing its presence in the physical retail sector. By 2017, Amazon had become the leading e-retailer in the United States, with net sales of approximately US$178 billion and over 300 million active customer accounts worldwide.
The company saw substantial growth during the COVID-19 pandemic, hiring more than 100,000 workers in the United States and Canada. Some workers in the U.S., France, and Italy protested against Amazon’s decision to continue normal shifts, citing concerns over the spread of COVID-19 in its warehouses. Legal complaints were also filed against the company in Spain, and U.S. senators raised concerns about worker safety in open letters to Bezos.
On February 2, 2021, Bezos announced that he would step down as CEO and transition to the role of executive chair of Amazon’s board. The transition occurred on July 5, 2021, with Andy Jassy, the former CEO of AWS, succeeding him as CEO. In January 2023, Amazon laid off over 18,000 employees, primarily from its consumer retail and human resources divisions, as part of an effort to cut costs.
In November 2023, Bezos announced plans to sell 50 million shares of Amazon, with the first sale of 12 million shares valued at approximately $2 billion. The sale is set to be completed by January 31, 2025.
On February 26, 2024, Amazon was added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average, marking a significant milestone in the company’s history.
In December 2024, Amazon workers, led by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters labor union, went on strike in at least four U.S. states. Other workers across the U.S. were encouraged to join the strike.
Products and Services
Amazon.com
Amazon.com is a comprehensive e-commerce platform that offers a diverse range of products and services. These include media (such as books, movies, music, and software), apparel, baby products, consumer electronics, beauty items, gourmet food, groceries, health and personal care products, industrial and scientific supplies, kitchen items, jewelry, watches, lawn and garden products, musical instruments, sporting goods, tools, automotive supplies, toys, games, and farm equipment. The platform also provides consulting services.
Amazon’s website operates with country-specific domains (e.g., amazon.com for the U.S. and amazon.co.uk for the UK), although some of these websites offer international shipping.
Amazon.com experienced substantial growth in website traffic, increasing from 615 million annual visitors in 2008 to over 2 billion per month by 2022. As of 2024, Amazon is ranked as the 12th most visited website globally.
In February 2024, Amazon introduced its first chatbot, named “Rufus,” in the U.S., which became widely available to all U.S. customers in July 2024. Rufus, also available in India and the UK, helps shoppers with product recommendations, shopping list suggestions, product comparisons, and customer reviews for specific queries.
Results displayed on Amazon’s search engine are influenced by promotional fees paid by sellers. Amazon’s localized storefronts vary in product selection, pricing, and are distinguished by top-level domains and country codes for each region.
Merchant Partnerships
Toys "R" Us
In 2000, Amazon entered into a 10-year agreement with U.S. toy retailer Toys "R" Us, valued at $50 million annually, with an additional share of sales. Under this agreement, Toys "R" Us was the exclusive supplier of toys and baby products on Amazon. The retailer's website also redirected to Amazon's Toys & Games category. In 2004, Toys "R" Us filed a lawsuit against Amazon, alleging that Amazon allowed third-party sellers to offer items in the exclusive categories granted to the retailer. The court ruled in favor of Toys "R" Us in 2006, allowing it to end the agreement and establish its own e-commerce website. Toys "R" Us was awarded $51 million in damages.
Borders Group
Amazon also entered a similar agreement with Borders Group in 2001 to co-manage Borders.com as a co-branded service. However, Borders withdrew from the partnership in 2007, planning to launch its own online store.
DC Comics
In October 2011, Amazon announced an exclusive partnership with DC Comics to sell digital versions of popular comics such as Superman, Batman, Green Lantern, Sandman, and Watchmen. This deal led to major bookstores like Barnes & Noble removing these titles from their shelves.
United States Postal Service
In November 2013, Amazon partnered with the United States Postal Service (USPS) to begin delivering orders on Sundays. Initially available in metropolitan areas like Greater Los Angeles and New York, this service was later expanded to Dallas, Houston, New Orleans, and Phoenix by 2014.
Nike
In June 2017, Nike agreed to sell its products on Amazon in exchange for improved measures to combat counterfeit goods. However, the partnership was not successful, and Nike withdrew from selling on Amazon in November 2019. Other companies, including IKEA and Birkenstock, also ceased selling through Amazon around the same time due to similar concerns regarding counterfeit goods.
Patni Group (Appario Retail)
In September 2017, Amazon partnered with the Patni Group’s JV Appario Retail. The venture recorded a total income of $104.44 million (₹759 crore) for the financial year 2017-2018.
Booths Branded Products
Starting in October 2017, Amazon Fresh began offering Booths branded products for home delivery in select areas.
Apple Inc.
In November 2018, Amazon reached an agreement with Apple Inc. to sell selected Apple products via Amazon and authorized Apple resellers. This partnership led to only Apple Authorized Resellers being allowed to sell Apple products on Amazon from January 4, 2019.
AI Startup Anthropic
In November 2024, Amazon is reportedly discussing a second multi-billion-dollar investment in AI startup Anthropic, following an initial $4 billion investment.
Private-label Products
Amazon offers a range of products under its private-label brands, including phone chargers, batteries, and diaper wipes. The AmazonBasics brand, launched in 2009, now includes hundreds of product lines such as smartphone cases, computer mice, batteries, dumbbells, and dog crates. By 2019, Amazon owned 34 private-label brands, contributing to 0.15% of Amazon's global sales, compared to the average 18% seen in other large retailers. Other Amazon-owned retail brands include Presto!, Mama Bear, and Amazon Essentials.
Third-party Sellers
Around 40% of Amazon’s sales in 2008 were derived from third-party sellers who offer products on Amazon's marketplace. Many large e-commerce sellers use Amazon as a platform for reaching additional customers, while small sellers use Amazon Marketplace to sell new and used goods.
Affiliate Program
Amazon’s affiliate program allows publishers to earn commissions by referring customers to Amazon via links on their websites. By mid-2014, the program had over 900,000 members globally and was the second most popular advertising network, after Google Ads. Affiliates can use the Amazon Web Services (AWS) XML service to directly access Amazon’s product catalog. Additionally, aStore, a feature launched in 2009, allows affiliates to embed Amazon products within their websites. In 2010, Amazon introduced Seller Product Suggestions to recommend specific products for third-party sellers based on customers’ browsing histories.
Product Reviews
Amazon allows users to submit product reviews on each product page. Reviews are rated on a scale from one to five stars, and users can indicate whether the review was helpful or report violations of Amazon's policies. As of December 2020, Amazon removed the ability to comment on product reviews, explaining that the feature was rarely used. Reviewers are also given badges to indicate their identity, such as verification via credit card accounts or being one of the top reviewers based on popularity.
In 2010, Amazon was the largest source of online consumer reviews, and Jeff Bezos defended publishing negative reviews as part of Amazon’s approach to offering “the good, the bad, and the ugly” to allow consumers to make informed decisions. However, there have been cases of public relations companies posting positive reviews or competitors leaving negative reviews under pseudonyms.
Amazon Sales Rank
The Amazon Sales Rank (ASR) indicates the popularity of a product across Amazon’s various locales, and it is updated hourly. The ASR acts as a "best-sellers list" for the millions of products on Amazon. Although it does not directly affect sales, products that rank highly on these lists can receive increased visibility, potentially leading to higher sales. Amazon does not disclose the exact algorithm behind the ASR, though it is considered a valuable tool for marketers and publishers to gauge product performance.
Physical Stores
Amazon has ventured into physical retail over the years. Some notable milestones include:
- Amazon Books: In November 2015, Amazon opened its first physical bookstore in Seattle’s University Village. By 2017, it had opened 10 bookstores, but these closed in 2022, along with "Amazon 4-Star" stores.
- Amazon Fresh: Amazon opened physical stores under its Fresh brand in the U.S. and the UK.
- Lehigh Valley, PA Facility: Amazon’s largest physical space in the region opened in July 2016, marking it as the third-largest employer in Lehigh Valley by 2024.
- Amazon Liquor Store: In August 2019, Amazon applied for a liquor store license in San Francisco to facilitate alcohol shipping within the city.
Hardware and Services
Amazon offers various products and services, such as:
- Alexa: A digital assistant for smart home devices.
- Amazon Music & Prime Video: Streaming services for music and video content.
- Kindle & Fire Tablets: Electronic paper readers and tablets.
- Audible: A platform for audiobooks.
- Astro: Launched in September 2021, Astro is a household robot powered by Alexa technology, designed to assist with home security and pet monitoring.
- RXPass: Launched in January 2023, RXPass delivers prescription drugs to U.S. Amazon Prime members for a monthly fee.
Subsidiaries
Amazon owns over 100 subsidiaries, including:
- Amazon Web Services (AWS): Cloud computing services.
- Audible: Audiobooks.
- IMDb: Movie database.
- Zappos: Online shoe retailer.
- Twitch: Video streaming platform.
- Zoox: Autonomous vehicle company.
Bezos separately owns companies such as Blue Origin (space exploration), The Washington Post (via Nash Holdings), and Bezos Expeditions (his personal investment firm).
Amazon Live
Amazon Live is a video e-commerce platform launched by Amazon in 2019, designed to compete with live-streaming services. It allows users, primarily celebrities and internet influencers, to stream live videos promoting or endorsing products. Streamers can add context to their product promotions with tags, while viewers can interact via a global chat. The platform, which had about one billion total viewers across the U.S. and India by 2023, has been integrated into Amazon Freevee and Amazon Prime Video.
Amazon Web Services (AWS)
Amazon Web Services (AWS) provides on-demand cloud computing platforms and APIs to various sectors, including individuals, companies, and governments. AWS offers computing capacity, software tools, and other services through its global server farms. As of Q4 2021, AWS holds a 33% market share in cloud infrastructure, with Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud at 21% and 10%, respectively.
Audible
Audible is a platform for spoken audio entertainment, offering audiobooks, radio programs, and audio versions of magazines and newspapers. It is the world’s largest producer of downloadable audiobooks, and Amazon acquired Audible in 2008 for around $300 million.
Goodreads
Goodreads is a social cataloging website for books, launched in 2007. Users can search, rate, and review books, create reading lists, and participate in discussions. Amazon acquired Goodreads in 2013, further expanding its reach in the literary world.
Ring
Ring, founded in 2013, is known for its Wi-Fi-powered smart doorbells and security cameras. Amazon bought Ring for $1 billion in 2018, adding home automation to its portfolio.
Twitch
Twitch is a live-streaming platform primarily focused on video gaming content. Acquired by Amazon in 2014 for $970 million, Twitch is widely regarded as the "ESPN of esports." By 2015, it had over 1.5 million broadcasters and 100 million monthly viewers.
Whole Foods Market
Whole Foods Market, a chain of supermarkets known for selling foods without artificial additives, was acquired by Amazon for $13.7 billion in 2017.
Other Amazon Subsidiaries
- A9.com (technology research company since 2003)
- Amazon Academy (an online platform for engineering exam preparation in India)
- Amazon Maritime (logistics company for freight forwarding)
- Amazon Pharmacy (online prescription delivery service launched in 2020)
- Annapurna Labs (microelectronics company acquired by AWS in 2015)
- Brilliance Audio (audiobook publisher acquired in 2007)
- ComiXology (digital comics platform acquired in 2014)
- CreateSpace (self-publishing services company)
- Eero (mesh Wi-Fi device maker, acquired in 2019)
- Health Navigator (health services startup acquired in 2019)
- Junglee (online shopping comparison site acquired in 1998, later closed in 2017)
- Kuiper Systems (satellite internet service provider)
- Lab126 (developers of Kindle, acquired in 2004)
- Shelfari (book social network merged with Goodreads in 2016)
- Souq (Middle Eastern e-commerce platform acquired in 2017, now rebranded as Amazon in the region)
Amazon also invests in renewable energy and nuclear reactor projects, aiming to expand its influence into sectors like energy production, with plans for investments in nuclear reactors in Eastern Washington and a new plant in Alberta, Canada.
Amazon Operations
Logistics
Amazon employs various logistics solutions to ensure efficient delivery of packages to customers. Some of the key Amazon-branded services include:
- Amazon Air: A cargo airline designed for bulk transport, with last-mile delivery handled by services like Amazon Flex, Amazon Logistics, or the U.S. Postal Service.
- Amazon Flex: A smartphone app that allows individuals to become independent contractors and deliver packages using their personal vehicles. It includes Prime Now, Amazon Fresh, and standard Amazon.com orders.
- Amazon Logistics: Amazon partners with small businesses, known as "Delivery Service Partners," to handle deliveries. These businesses operate fleets of Amazon-branded vans, with drivers wearing Amazon uniforms. Amazon Logistics operates in various countries, including the U.S., Canada, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the U.K.
- Amazon Prime Air: An experimental drone delivery service that delivers packages via drones to Amazon Prime subscribers in select cities.
- Warehouse and Distribution: Amazon directly employs workers at its fulfillment centers, bulk distribution centers, Amazon Hub Locker+ locations, and delivery stations.
In the U.S., delivery services are split between Amazon’s direct operations (56%), the U.S. Postal Service (30%), and UPS (14%). Amazon increased its in-house delivery capacity by 50% in 2020.
Supply Chain
Amazon's distribution network, which began in 1997 with two fulfillment centers, has expanded to include a variety of facilities such as cross-dock centers, fulfillment centers, sortation centers, delivery stations, and Prime Air hubs. Amazon employs over 125,000 workers across its supply chain to perform tasks such as:
- Unpacking and inspecting incoming goods.
- Storing and recording the location of goods.
- Picking items from storage to complete an individual shipment.
- Sorting and packing orders.
- Shipping orders.
Amazon uses advanced technology, with employees using handheld computers that communicate with a central system to track progress and determine picking routes. Some warehouses also incorporate automation systems built by Amazon Robotics.
Additionally, in 2006, Amazon launched Fulfillment by Amazon (FBA), allowing third-party sellers to store their products in Amazon's facilities. Amazon handles the packing, distribution, and customer service for these sellers, helping smaller businesses tap into Amazon's logistics network.
Corporate Affairs
Board of Directors (As of June 2022)
The Amazon board of directors includes influential leaders with diverse backgrounds across technology, cybersecurity, finance, and more:
- Jeff Bezos – Executive Chairman, Amazon.com, Inc.
- Andy Jassy – President and CEO, Amazon.com, Inc.
- Keith B. Alexander – CEO of IronNet Cybersecurity, former NSA Director
- Edith W. Cooper – Co-founder of Medley, former EVP of Goldman Sachs
- Jamie Gorelick – Partner at Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr
- Daniel Huttenlocher – Dean of MIT Schwarzman College of Computing
- Judy McGrath – Former CEO, Paramount Media Networks
- Indra Nooyi – Former CEO, PepsiCo
- Jon Rubinstein – Former Chairman and CEO, Palm, Inc.
- Patty Stonesifer – President and CEO, Martha's Table
- Wendell Weeks – Chairman, President and CEO, Corning Inc.
Ownership (Top Shareholders in Early 2024)
The top shareholders of Amazon include both individual and institutional investors:
- Jeff Bezos – 9.1%
- The Vanguard Group – 7.5%
- BlackRock – 4.6%
- State Street Corporation – 3.3%
- Fidelity Investments – 3.1%
- MacKenzie Scott – 1.9%
- T. Rowe Price – 1.9%
- Geode Capital Management – 1.8%
- JP Morgan Investment Management – 1.5%
- Eaton Vance – 1.5%
- Others – 63.8%
Finances
Amazon’s sales breakdown in 2023 revealed the largest revenue segments:
- Online Stores: 40.3%
- Third-party Seller Services: 24.4%
- Amazon Web Services (AWS): 15.8%
- Advertising: 8.2%
- Subscription Services: 7.0%
- Physical Stores: 3.5%
- Other: 0.9%
As of 2018, Amazon ranked 8th on the Fortune 500 list of the largest U.S. corporations by total revenue. It is also ranked 36th on the Forbes Global 2000 list for 2023.
Key financial highlights:
- Revenue Growth: From $14.8 billion in 2007 to $469.8 billion in 2021, marking a 21.7% increase from the previous fiscal year.
- Profitability: In 2021, Amazon’s net income was $33.36 billion.
- Market Cap: Amazon's market capitalization surpassed $1 trillion again in early 2020.
Historical Financials (Revenue, Net Income, and Assets Over Time)
Amazon's revenue has seen substantial growth over the years, with significant increases in net income and total assets:
- 1995: $0.5 million revenue; -$0.3 million net income
- 2007: $14.8 billion revenue; $476 million net income
- 2021: $469.8 billion revenue; $33.36 billion net income
- 2023: $574.8 billion revenue; $30.4 billion net income
Corporate Culture
Under Jeff Bezos’s leadership, Amazon became well-known for its customer-centric corporate culture. Bezos’s annual shareholder letters gained significant attention for providing insight into Amazon’s strategy, which focused on "customer obsession". Senior executives were expected to spend time in Amazon's call centers, responding to customer queries, ensuring a deep understanding of customer needs.
Bezos also introduced the concept of service-oriented architecture (SOA) within Amazon. This process required teams to "expose their data and functionality" to make services more modular and scalable, laying the groundwork for Amazon Web Services (AWS). This practice of "dogfooding" (using internal tools and services before they were commercially launched) was integral to the company's growth in cloud computing and beyond.
Lobbying
Amazon has been actively involved in lobbying both the U.S. federal government and state governments on various issues. These include:
- Sales tax enforcement on online sales
- Transportation safety
- Privacy and data protection
- Intellectual property
Amazon has focused its lobbying efforts primarily on U.S. Congress, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and the Federal Reserve. The company has significantly increased its lobbying expenditures over the years:
- 2013: $3.5 million
- 2014: $5 million
- 2015: $9.5 million
- 2019: $16.8 million, with a team of 104 lobbyists
Amazon was a corporate member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) until it dropped its membership in 2012 after protests during its shareholders' meeting. In 2014, Amazon expanded its lobbying efforts, notably hiring a lobbying firm to push for FAA approval of its drone delivery program, which was granted in September 2020.
Criticism
Amazon has faced various criticisms over the years, ranging from privacy violations to labor conditions. Some of the key points of criticism include:
Surveillance and Privacy Issues
- Amazon has supplied law enforcement agencies with facial recognition technology through its Rekognition service.
- The company also formed cloud computing partnerships with the CIA.
Labor and Workplace Concerns
- Amazon has been criticized for warehouse conditions, with reports highlighting poor working environments for its employees, including long hours and high performance expectations.
- It has also actively opposed unionization efforts within its warehouses.
Environmental Impact
- Amazon has faced backlash for its environmental impact, with critics citing the large carbon footprint of its vast transportation and logistics network.
Business Practices
- Amazon has been accused of using anti-competitive tactics, such as price discrimination and undermining small bookstores.
- In 2011, Amazon faced backlash from small businesses for a deal promoting its Price Check app, which gave shoppers discounts for using the app to compare prices in physical stores and then buy from Amazon.
Content Censorship and Control
- Amazon has made controversial decisions about content censorship, such as removing LGBTQ books from certain categories and deleting content purchased by users from Amazon Kindle without their consent.
- In 2020, Amazon was criticized for complying with the Biden Administration’s pressure to reduce the visibility of books critical of the COVID-19 vaccine.
Supplier Pressure
- Amazon has been accused of putting undue pressure on suppliers to maintain profitability, with the Gazelle Project being a notable example. This internal initiative allegedly aimed to target small publishers like a cheetah pursuing a sickly gazelle, exploiting their vulnerability.
Traffic and Delivery Concerns
- Amazon Prime vehicles have been criticized for traffic violations, including double parking and blocking bike lanes while delivering packages, contributing to congestion and endangering road users.
Ring and Privacy
- Amazon’s Ring home security service was criticized for providing law enforcement with footage without warrants. After years of public backlash, Ring announced in 2024 that it would halt this practice, receiving some praise from privacy organizations like the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
Despite these criticisms, Amazon continues to dominate multiple industries, including e-commerce, cloud computing, and logistics.
References
- About Amazon (no date) Amazon News: Breaking news about Amazon and latest company updates. Available at: https://www.aboutamazon.com/ (Accessed: 13 January 2025).
- Ambwani, M.V. (2024) Amazon India to foray in quick commerce space, to pilot delivery of Everyday Essentials in 15 mins, BusinessLine. Available at: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/amazon-india-to-foray-in-quick-commerce-space-to-pilot-delivery-of-everyday-essentials-in-15-mins/article68969854.ece (Accessed: 13 January 2025).
- Law, M. (2024) Why businesses are building AI strategy on Amazon Bedrock, AI Magazine. Available at: https://aimagazine.com/articles/why-businesses-are-building-ai-strategy-on-amazon-bedrock (Accessed: 13 January 2025).
- Staff, 24/7 (2024) Amazon to open nine warehouses on Long Island by 2025, Supply Chain 24/7. Available at: https://www.supplychain247.com/article/amazon-warehouse-expansion-long-island-new-york (Accessed: 13 January 2025).
- SupplyChainBrain (2024) Amazon planning for 16m square feet of new warehouse spaces in 2024, SupplyChainBrain RSS. Available at: https://www.supplychainbrain.com/articles/39771-amazon-planning-for-16m-square-feet-of-new-warehouse-spaces-in-2024 (Accessed: 13 January 2025).
