Jassa Singh Ahluwalia

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia (3 May 1718 – 23 October 1783) was a prominent Sikh leader during the era of the Sikh Confederacy, serving as the supreme leader of the Dal Khalsa. He was also the Misldar of the Ahluwalia Misl. This period, which lasted from the death of Banda Singh Bahadur in 1716 until the establishment of the Sikh Empire in 1801, was marked by significant developments in Sikh history. In 1772, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia founded the Kapurthala State, solidifying his role as a key figure in the region's political landscape.

The Formation of the Dal Khalsa and the Misls

In 1733, Zakariya Khan Bahadur sought to negotiate peace with the Sikhs by offering them a jagir, granting the title of Nawab to their leader, and allowing unimpeded access to the Harmandir Sahib. Following discussions at a Sarbat Khalsa, Kapur Singh was elected as the leader of the Sikhs and took on the title of Nawab. He organized the various Sikh militias into two main groups: the Taruna Dal (young soldiers) and the Budda Dal (veteran soldiers), collectively known as the Dal Khalsa. The Budda Dal consisted of Sikhs over 40 years of age, while the Taruna Dal was made up of those under 40. The Taruna Dal was further divided into five jathas, each with 1300 to 2000 men, a separate drum, and a banner. The operational area of the Dal Khalsa was centered around Hari ke Pattan, where the Sutlej and Beas rivers meet. The Taruna Dal controlled the area to the east, while the Budda Dal was responsible for the area to the west. The Budda Dal's primary role was to protect Gurdwaras and train the Taruna Dal, which was tasked with active combat. However, in 1735, the agreement between Zakariya Khan and Nawab Kapur Singh collapsed, forcing the Dal Khalsa to retreat to the Sivalik Hills for regrouping. Later, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia took command of the Dal Khalsa, demonstrating strong leadership and administrative skills. He even brought the Mughal center of power, the Red Fort, under the Khalsa flag, solidifying the foundation of the Khalsa for future generations.

Military Campaigns

Nadir Shah's Invasion

In 1739, Nadir Shah, the Persian ruler, invaded much of Northern India, including Punjab. After defeating the Mughal forces at the Battle of Karnal, Nadir Shah plundered Delhi (Shahjahanabad), looting treasures such as the Peacock Throne, the Kohinoor diamond, and the Darya-i-Noor diamond. During this time, all the Khalsa bands united and passed a resolution condemning Nadir Shah's actions, including the kidnapping of Indian women to be sold into slavery. The Sikhs decided to free the slaves taken by Nadir Shah.

At the age of 21, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia took charge of organizing raids against Nadir Shah’s forces, with the aim of freeing the captives. He, along with other Sikh bands, attacked Nadir Shah's troops, successfully liberated the slaves, and ensured their safe return to their families.

Ahluwalia proved to be a natural leader and participated in many battles during this period. In a 1748 meeting of the Sarbat Khalsa, Nawab Kapur Singh appointed Jassa Singh Ahluwalia as his successor. His followers honored him with the title Sultan-ul-Qaum, meaning "King of the Nation."

The Raids of Ahmad Shah Abdali

Indian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani

Ahmad Shah Durrani, the senior-most general under Nadir Shah, ascended the throne of Afghanistan after Nadir Shah's assassination in June 1747. He established the Sadozai dynasty, named after his Pashtun tribe.

Between December 1747 and 1769, Ahmad Shah Abdali launched a total of nine incursions into northern India. These repeated invasions severely weakened the Mughal administration in the region. In the Third Battle of Panipat, Abdali, alongside the Nawab of Oudh and the Rohillas, defeated the Marathas. Following a treaty signed in 1752, the Marathas became the protector of the Mughal throne at Delhi, gaining control over much of northern India and Kashmir. However, despite his repeated invasions, Abdali was never able to subdue the Sikhs in Punjab, who remained a significant force throughout his campaigns.

Sikhs and Marathas Expel Afghans (1758)

The Battle of Mahilpur in 1758 marked a decisive victory for the Sikhs and Adina Beg's troops against the Afghan forces. The battle took place in the village of Mahilpur in Hoshiarpur district, where the Afghans suffered heavy losses. The Sikhs, alongside Adina Beg's forces, emerged victorious.

In an effort to regain control, Prince Taimur sent 20,000 soldiers, both cavalry and infantry, from Lahore to counterattack. However, the Sikhs once again proved victorious, capturing Afghan guns and military equipment. The Afghan camp in Lahore was plagued by nightly Sikh raids, creating an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty. The contemporary historian Miskin noted that "Every force sent in any direction came back defeated and vanquished."

In April 1758, Raghu Nath Rao entered Lahore, and Adina Beg Khan celebrated with festivities at the Shalamar Gardens. However, his loyalty to the Sikhs was short-lived, and his true intentions remained unclear. Adina Beg Khan’s sudden death in September 1758 ended any further plans of his opposition. With his death, the Sikhs emerged as the dominant force in the region, facing no further resistance from him.

In March 1759, as the Sikhs considered potential threats from the Afghans and Marathas, a Sarbat Khalsa meeting decided to assert control over the rest of Punjab. The Marathas re-entered Punjab and cautiously advanced through Malwa. The Sikhs allowed Sabaji Sindhia, a Maratha leader, to occupy Lahore. When General Jahan Khan launched an attack, the Sikhs and Marathas allied once again, joining forces to defeat the Afghans, solidifying their dominance in the region.

Help of Sikhs to Jats of Bharatpur

Suraj Mal (1707–1763) was the founder of the Jat State of Bharatpur. After his death on 25 December 1763, Suraj Mal’s son, Jawahar Singh, sought help from the Sikhs in the face of rising threats. In response, a Sikh force of 40,000 soldiers, commanded by Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, mobilized to assist the Jats. The Sikhs crossed the Yamuna River on 20 February 1764 and began attacking the surrounding areas, forcing Najib ul Daulah, the Rohilla chief appointed by Ahmed Shah Durrani, to retreat to Delhi. This action relieved the pressure on Bharatpur.

The Sikhs continued their victories, defeating Najib ul Daulah in a 20-day battle at Barari Ghat, located 20 km north of Delhi, in the trans-Yamuna region. Najib ul Daulah retreated to the Red Fort on 9 January 1765, but within a month, the Sikhs defeated him once again in Nakhas (the horse market) and in Sabzi Mandi, further weakening his position.

In December 1765, the Sikhs launched another series of expeditions, moving from Saharanpur to Delhi and then to Rewari, causing widespread devastation along the way. During this period, Jawahar Singh was engaged in conflict with Raja Madho Singh of Jaipur. To strengthen his position, Jawahar Singh enlisted the help of 25,000 Sikh soldiers, led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. In response, Madho Singh sought assistance from the Marathas, fearing a Maratha attack on Bharatpur.

However, Jawahar Singh made peace with Jaipur and, after paying a subsidy to the Sikhs, allowed them to depart. With the Jaipur conflict resolved, Jawahar Singh turned his attention to Dholpur, which was controlled by his step-brother Nahar Singh. A fierce battle ensued on 13-14 March 1766, where the Marathas, who had been supporting Nahar Singh, were decisively defeated. The Marathas abandoned Nahar Singh, forcing him to seek refuge with Madho Singh of Jaipur. Madho Singh then bribed the Sikhs to leave Jawahar Singh and return to Punjab, ending the conflict in Dholpur.

Rescue of Maratha Women by Sikhs

An account in 19th-century texts, including Munshi Kanhaiyya Lal's Tareekh-e-Punjab and Gian Singh's Shamsher Khalsa, credits Jassa Singh Ahluwalia with rescuing Hindu women who were captured by Ahmad Shah Durrani after the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. Following his defeat of the Marathas, Abdali captured around 22,000 prisoners, including Hindu women, who were being transported to Afghanistan as slaves for the Afghan harems. Upon hearing about the plight of the women, Jassa Singh led an attack on the Afghan army at Goindval, located on the Sutlej River. He successfully rescued over 2,000 women, returning them to their families. This act of bravery earned him the title of Bandi Chhor (Liberator of Captives).

Issuance of Coins in Lahore, November 1761

In September 1761, Khawajah Abed Khan, the governor of Lahore, launched a surprise attack on Charat Singh in Gujranwala. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia quickly responded by leading the Dal Khalsa to Charat Singh's aid, forcing Abed Khan to flee to Lahore and abandon his baggage train. After the Diwali festivities in November 1761, Jassa Singh and the Dal Khalsa launched a counterattack on Lahore. Abed Khan barricaded himself within the fort, but local citizens approached Jassa Singh and proposed surrendering the city in exchange for ensuring the safety and security of its inhabitants. The Sikhs accepted this proposal, captured the city, and then assaulted the fort.

During the battle, Abed Khan was killed, and the Sikhs successfully captured the fort. Following the victory, the Sikhs proclaimed Jassa Singh as Padshah (Emperor) and minted commemorative coins bearing his name. However, Ganesh Das Vadehra later disputed this achievement, claiming that the Maulvis of Lahore minted the coins and sent them to Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1765. This claim was contradicted by Khazana-e-Amira, written by Ghulam Ali Azad shortly after the coin's issuance. Ghulam Ali's account supports the Sikhs' version, describing their rebellion, the killing of Abed Khan, and Jassa Singh’s proclamation as king.

Other contemporary sources such as Siyar-u-Mutakhirin (1782), Tarikh-e-Muzaffari (1787), Khushwaqt Rae (1811), and Ahmad Yadgar (1835) also corroborate the Sikh version of events. Ganesh Das's account, written after the annexation of Punjab in 1849, is considered unreliable due to contemporary evidence. His version contradicts the accounts of historians who lived closer to the events. Kartar Singh Tegh Khalsa confirms that Jassa Singh did strike the coins, although some were sent to Ahmad Shah Durrani to provoke him.

The Sixth Abdali Incursion, 1762

In early 1762, Ahmad Shah Durrani launched another invasion of India, aiming to crush the rising Sikh power. He reached Malerkotla, west of Sirhind, and attacked a Sikh convoy of 20,000 soldiers who were escorting 40,000 women, children, and elderly individuals. This attack led to one of the worst defeats for the Sikhs, known as the Vadda Ghalughara (the Great Holocaust). The Sikhs lost between 5,000 to 10,000 soldiers, and approximately 20,000 civilians were massacred. Ahmad Shah Durrani’s forces emerged victorious after a night ambush on the large convoy.

At Anandpur, March 1763

In March 1763, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, a prominent Sikh leader, arrived at Anandpur to celebrate the festival of Hola with the Dal Khalsa. However, the festivities were overshadowed by complaints from local Sikhs about mistreatment by Gale Khan Rajput of Kathgarh and the zamindars of Shankargarh. To protect his people, Jassa Singh launched an expedition against these oppressors, establishing Sikh military posts at Kathgarh and Balachaur to maintain order. This move not only secured the region but also allowed Jassa Singh to collect tribute from neighboring rulers, solidifying the Dal Khalsa's authority. He also captured Kot Isha Khan from Qadir Bakhsh, expanding Sikh influence further.

Conquest of Jalandhar and Malerkotla

In June 1763, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia marched towards Jalandhar. The Governor of Jalandhar, Sadat Yar-Khan, was so terrified that he remained within his capital, leaving Jassa Singh to sack the city. In December 1763, Jassa Singh defeated and killed Bhikhan Khan, the Nawab of Malerkotla, and plundered Morinda.

Conquest of Sirhind

The town of Sirhind was thoroughly plundered by the Sikhs, with no distinction made between its inhabitants. Historian Ratan Singh Bhangu documented that the Sikhs "claimed the spoils of war." Following the victory, Sirhind was divided among the seven misls and the Phulkian states. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia took control of 24 villages in the Ludhiana district, retaining eight under his direct control. He allocated 12 villages to the Bundalia Sikhs of his misl and four villages to the Sikhs of Rurki.

At Naraingarh, January 1764

After conquering Sirhind, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia marched to Naraingarh in January 1764. Bulaqi Mal, the Diwan of Raja Kirat Prakash of Nahan, presented Jassa Singh with a horse and Rs. 10,000 as a token of respect. The regions of Bharog and Naraingarh were under Muhammad Baqar, the Mir of Garhi Kotaha. Baqar offered Jassa Singh an elephant and a substantial sum of money. Various other leaders, including Rae Hoshiar Singh of Rani ka Raipur and Gharib Das of Manimajra, presented Jassa Singh with horses and significant sums as tokens of respect.

Jassa Singh appointed Hakumat Singh as his thanadar at Garhi Kotaha and Murar Singh at Bharog. Later, Jassa Singh married his elder daughter to Murar Singh, appointing him as his deputy to maintain order in the region. However, Dasaundha Singh's oppressive rule led to opposition, and after Jassa Singh's death, his legacy was overshadowed by the cruelty and corruption of his successors. Following Murar Singh's death, his son Jawahir Singh took control but was killed in battle, leaving his young son Mahan Singh, under whose rule the administration became increasingly discontented.

Sikh Invasion of Ganga-Yamuna, 1764

In February 1764, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia led a strong body of the Dal Khalsa into the upper Ganga Doab region in response to the ill-treatment of Hindus by Muslim rulers. The Sikhs launched raids on several key cities in the region, including Saharanpur, Shamli, Kandhla, Ambli, Miranpur, Mandi Dabwali, Muzaffarnagar, Jawalapur, Kankhal, Landhaura, Najibabad, Nagina, Moradabad, Chandausi, Anupshahar, and Garhmukteshwar. These cities were under the control of Najib ad-Dawlah, the powerful ruler of Delhi at the time.

Despite Najib ad-Dawlah's mobilization of forces to punish the Sikhs, the Sikhs employed guerrilla tactics, avoiding direct confrontations while continuously harassing the Afghan forces. A contemporary historian, Tahmas Khan Miskin, who fought alongside Najib ad-Dawlah, described the Sikhs' tactics as elusive and disruptive: "They did not make a firm stand anywhere to offer battle, but instead they kept harassing and looting."

Realizing the futility of continued conflict, Najib ad-Dawlah opted for a diplomatic solution, offering the Sikhs a bribe of eleven lakhs of rupees, which ended the hostilities. The Sikhs' raids were financially successful, and Jassa Singh used the immense wealth gained from the campaign to fund the rebuilding of Amritsar, which had been destroyed by Ahmad Shah Durrani. He entrusted the reconstruction project to Sahib Rae Chaudhri and Bhai Des Raj, overseeing its completion over four years at a cost of 14 lakhs.

Ahmad Shah Durrani’s Seventh Invasion, 1765

In the winter of 1764–1765, Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded India for the seventh time, yet he was continuously harassed by the Sikhs. Qazi Nur Muhammad, a historian present with the Afghan army, described the repeated engagements between the Sikhs and the Afghans. One battle was fought on the western bank of the Satluj River opposite Rupar. Ahmad Shah's forces, despite their numerical advantage, faced a fierce battle with the Dal Khalsa, who organized themselves into a regular battle formation.

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, leading the Sikhs, positioned himself at the center with key leaders such as Jassa Singh Thokah, Charat Singh, Jhanda Singh, Lahna Singh, and Jai Singh on the right, and Hari Singh Bhangi, Ram Das, Gulab Singh, and Gujar Singh on the left. The Sikhs employed their usual tactic of feinting retreats to lure the Afghans into ambushes. Hari Singh, in particular, launched a sudden attack on Shah Vali Khan and Jahan Khan, drawing them into pursuit, only for the Sikhs to counterattack.

Despite Ahmad Shah's awareness of the Sikhs' tactics, the Afghans were repeatedly caught in ambushes. After the first day of battle, both sides retired for the night. The next morning, the Sikhs attacked again, using the same feigned retreat strategy to lure the Afghans into another trap. The battle raged for several days, with the Sikhs continually harassing the Afghan forces, forcing them to march through the Jullundur Doab under constant pressure.

By the seventh day, Ahmad Shah's forces were exhausted, having faced relentless guerrilla warfare by the Sikhs. The constant harassment eventually led the Afghans to abandon their pursuit, recognizing the Sikhs' superiority in tactics and their ability to disrupt the Afghan advance.

Ahmad Shah Durrani's Final Invasion, 1766-67

In the winter of 1766, Ahmad Shah Durrani launched his final invasion of the Punjab, hoping to reassert his control over the region. However, his campaign was met with relentless harassment by the Sikhs, who refused to yield to his forces. In an attempt to negotiate peace, Ahmad Shah sent letters to prominent Sikh leaders, including Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, urging them to meet and discuss terms. Despite his efforts, the Sikhs remained resolute and rejected his overtures for a treaty.

The Sikhs continued their guerrilla warfare tactics, systematically weakening Durrani's forces and making it increasingly difficult for them to maintain control over the region. Frustrated and unable to achieve his objectives, Ahmad Shah was forced to retreat from Punjab, ending his campaign at Ismailabad, 32 kilometers south of Ambala. This final invasion marked the decline of Durrani's empire and signaled the rise of Sikh power in the region.

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia’s Campaigns in the Hill States

After the death of Adina Beg, the viceroy of Punjab, in September 1758, the hill states of the region, including Kangra, Jammu, and others, were left without strong leadership. Ahmad Shah Durrani took advantage of this power vacuum and appointed Raja Ghamand Chand of Kangra as the governor of the Jalandhar Doab and the hill country between the Ravi and Sutlej rivers in 1759. However, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia swiftly defeated Ghamand Chand in the Battle of Mahilpur near Hoshiarpur and forced him to pay tribute to the Dal Khalsa. Jassa Singh then sent a contingent into the hills, collecting tribute from the states of Kangra, Mandi, Kullu, Bilaspur, and Nalagarh.

Raja Ranjit Dev of Jammu, who had previously been a tributary to Ahmad Shah Durrani, paid tribute to the Durrani in 1765 when Ahmad Shah returned to Afghanistan. However, this act angered the Sikhs, who had gained the upper hand in the region. In retaliation, Jassa Singh led the Dal Khalsa to Jammu, imposed a fine of three lakhs and seventy-five thousand rupees on Ranjit Dev, and made him a tributary to the Sikhs instead.

Enmity with Jassa Singh Ramgarhia

After the death of Hari Singh in 1765, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia assumed leadership of the Taruna Dal. Although the two leaders had cooperated against Ahmad Shah Durrani, tensions arose between them over time. In 1775, a clash occurred when Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was traveling to a fair in Achal near Batala, and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia's brother, Mali Singh, was leading a contingent from Sri Hargobindpur to Batala. The two groups engaged in a confrontation, and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was shot and injured. Mali Singh carried him to Batala, where Jassa Singh Ramgarhia apologized for the incident. Despite this, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia remained withdrawn and refused food or drink for two days.

On the third day, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia sent Jassa Singh Ahluwalia to Fatehabad with full honors. In retaliation, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia besieged Ramgarhia's town of Zahura on the banks of the River Beas. The town fell after Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was wounded and forced to retreat. Zahura was later gifted to Baghel Singh to secure his alliance. Ultimately, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia formed a confederacy with Jai Singh Kanhaiya and Mahan Singh, defeating Jassa Singh Ramgarhia and expelling him from Punjab in 1778.

Occupation of Kapurthala, 1779

In December 1779, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia launched a decisive campaign to assert his authority over Kapurthala. The region had been under the control of Rae Ibrahim Bhatti, who had failed to pay the annual tribute of one lakh rupees, which had been overdue for some time. Additionally, Ibrahim had built 13 forts around the town, which raised concerns about his growing power.

Jassa Singh had previously captured the Rae-ka-kot fort near Kapurthala in 1770 with the help of Murar Singh and Shaikh Karimulilah, and had appointed Chait Singh as the thanadar of the region. However, tensions escalated in 1777 when Jassa Singh's son-in-law, Mohar Singh, was killed by a shot from one of the forts near Kapurthala. Despite Ibrahim's apologies, Jassa Singh demanded justice and decided to take over Kapurthala.

Upon his arrival, Jassa Singh's forces clashed with Rae Ibrahim's, and the Bhatti chief retreated to the main fort. Jassa Singh set up camp at Shaikhpur village, while his cousin, Kanwar Bhag Singh, captured several surrounding villages. Realizing the futility of resistance, Rae Ibrahim sued for peace and sent a horse as a gift along with his officials to negotiate terms.

Jassa Singh agreed to let Rae Ibrahim leave safely with his family and belongings, providing him with a place to live and a fixed allowance. As a result, Kapurthala became the headquarters of Kanwar Bhag Singh and the capital of the Ahluwalia misl. Jassa Singh continued to reside at Fatehabad, solidifying his leadership and the Ahluwalia misl's dominance in the region.

Battle of Delhi (1783)

In March 1783, the Dal Khalsa, led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Baghel Singh, advanced towards Delhi with the intent of asserting Sikh power in the region. The Sikh forces reached the royal palaces within the Red Fort, entering the Diwan-e-Am (the hall where the Mughal emperor held public audiences) on March 11, 1783.

During this dramatic moment, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was placed on the throne of Delhi as "Badshah Singh" by the Sikh forces, symbolizing a moment of Sikh dominance over the Mughal capital. However, this move did not go uncontested. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, although part of the Sikh forces, felt slighted by the decision and challenged Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's claim to the throne. The two were on the verge of drawing swords and engaging in combat, but Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, demonstrating his wisdom and leadership, renounced the honor and stepped down immediately, thus averting an internal conflict.

The Mughal authorities, recognizing the strength of the Sikh forces and their strategic position, agreed to a compromise. As part of the agreement, the Mughals consented to the construction of seven Sikh Gurudwaras in Delhi, each dedicated to various Sikh Gurus, marking a significant moment of acknowledgment of Sikh influence in the city. This event, while brief, symbolized the growing power and influence of the Sikhs in the region during the 18th century.

Death and Legacy of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia passed away on 23 October 1783 in Amritsar, leaving behind a significant legacy that continues to be honored and remembered.

Jassa Singh's legacy is deeply tied to his military prowess and leadership in the Sikh community. He played a pivotal role in the expansion and consolidation of Sikh power, especially through his decisive actions against Ahmad Shah Durrani and his leadership during the Sikh invasions of Delhi. He had the honor of conquering Lahore, issuing his own coin, and even sitting on the Mughal emperor's throne in Delhi, marking a rare and powerful moment for the Sikh community. Despite his many accomplishments and the respect he commanded from regional rulers—including the Maharajas of Patiala, Jind, Bilaspur, Kangra, and Jammu—Jassa Singh remained humble and devoted to the teachings of Guru Gobind Singh, demonstrating the values of selflessness and humility.

Commemorations:

Nawab Jassa Singh Ahluwalia Government College (NJSA Government College) in Kapurthala, established in 1856 by Raja Randhir Singh of Kapurthala, is named in his honor.
The Government of India issued a commemorative postage stamp on Jassa Singh Ahluwalia on 4 April 1985, further solidifying his importance in Indian history and Sikh culture.

In Popular Culture:

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's character was portrayed by Shahbaz Khan in the 2010 historical TV series Maharaja Ranjit Singh, aired on DD National. This portrayal helped introduce his legacy to a broader audience, keeping his memory alive in contemporary culture.

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's contributions to Sikh history and his steadfast leadership continue to be celebrated and respected, both in India and among the global Sikh diaspora. His life is an example of courage, devotion, and the ability to balance power with humility.

References

(@1Force), H.S. et al. (2018) Sultan-ul-qaum Jassa Singh Ahluvalia -sikh nation’s sovereign, The World Sikh News. Available at: https://www.theworldsikhnews.com/sultan-ul-qaum-jassa-singh-ahluvalia-sikh-nations-sovereign/ (Accessed: 16 January 2025).
(No date) The contribution of Sardar Jassa Singh ... Available at: https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1906V44.pdf (Accessed: 16 January 2025).
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia (no date a) Jassa Singh Ahluwalia - SikhiWiki, free Sikh encyclopedia. Available at: https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia (Accessed: 16 January 2025).
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia (no date b) Jassa Singh Ahluwalia - SikhiWiki, free Sikh encyclopedia. Available at: https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia (Accessed: 16 January 2025).
SikhRI (2022) Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, RSS. Available at: https://sikhri.org/articles/jassa-singh-ahluwalia (Accessed: 16 January 2025).

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Title	User Name	Date
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia	Shubham@10	16 Jan 2025 07:26 PM


Jathedar of the Akal Takht
In office 9 October 1753 – 23 October 1783
Leader	Sikh
Preceded by	Kapur Singh
Succeeded by	Phula Singh
4th Jathedar of Buddha Dal
In office 9 October 1753 – 23 October 1783
Preceded by	Kapur Singh
Succeeded by	Naina Singh
Personal details
Born	Jassa Singh 3 May 1718 Ahlu, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire (present-day Lahore district, Punjab, Pakistan)
Died	23 October 1783 (aged 65) Bandala, Sikh Confederacy (present-day Amritsar district, Punjab, India)
Resting place	Cremated at the Dera Baba Attal, Amritsar
Spouse(s)	Mai Sahibji Sadarani Raj Kaur Sahiba
Relations	Bagh Singh (grand-nephew)
Children	3
Parents	Sardar Badar Singh (father) Mata Jeevan Kaur a sister of Sardar Bagh Singh Hallovalla (mother)